15. How Remote Control Systems Work

The 1^st TV "remote" controls utilized ultrasonic frequencies as a part of the 35 kHz to 45 kHz range. A portion of the Zenith remotes utilized mallets (clickers) to strike tuned metal bars (normally four) in the hand unit to create (ring) one ultrasonic control recurrence. With this set up, you could shake a key chain and make the TV go off/on or change channels. These early model remotes delivered just four to eight simple frequencies. Some later-display Magnavox remotes produced ultrasonic control beats and would have 10 or more remote control capacities.

Some advanced remote controls are appeared in Figs. 15-1 and 15-2. Remote units now control TVs, VCRs, camcorders, stereo sound units, digital TV converter boxes, DBS satellite receivers, laser CDs, and significantly more. Obviously, numerous multi-sort remote controls will work a few unique gadgets at the push of a catch.

The Ultrasonic Remote Control

The ultrasonic remote control was utilized as a part of the very old TVs and not very many of these frameworks are currently being used. These remotes transmitted on an ultrasonic recurrence scope of 35 kHz to 45 kHz. A couple models would create 10 to 15 control beats that could be decoded in the TV collector for more rationale control capacities. An improved circuit drawing of an ultrasonic remote-control unit is appeared in Fig. 15-3.

The Infrared (IR) Remote Control

Current remote controls utilize an infrared (IR) bearer recurrence that is heartbeat code balanced. The transporter recurrence is roughly 35 kHz to 55 kHz. The beats conveyed are different cycles of as a rule 20 bits every that adjust the transporter. The rationale coding is distinctive for different gadgets, so just a specific remote will work a gadget. Be that as it may, a widespread remote can be reinvented for various sorts of gadgets and multipurpose remote control units are likewise supplied with numerous TVs and VCRs. A piece chart of an infrared computerized remote-control transmitter is appeared in Fig. 15-4.

FIGURE 15-1 Some present model remote-control hand units for controlling TV beneficiaries.

FIGURE 15-2 A lineup of current remote-control gadgets utilized for DBS satellite beneficiaries and digital TV control set-top boxes.

FIGURE 15-3 Simple circuit of a ultrasonic remote-control hand unit used to control more seasoned model TV sets.

Figure 15-5 demonstrates the infrared remote collector situated inside a TV, VCR, and so forth. The IR sign is grabbed by an IR diode sensor on the front board of a TV and is opened up and beat decoded. The beat codes are then sent to a remote-control microchip IC, which then sends control voltages to different parts of the TV circuits to control the set's operation, for example, power on/off, volume control, and so forth. Figure 15-6 demonstrates an ordinary shading TV remote transmitter.

FIGURE 15-4 A square outline of an infrared (IR) computerized remote-control transmitter.

FIGURE 15-5 A square outline of the remote-control infrared (IR) circuits inside the TV collector.

Read more

14. Make Solar Geyser

First you understand the processes of Solar Geyser; it has a very simple setting one water tank with an input of cold water from below and one output of hot water on top. The heating part is made of a solar collector and two pipes coming from the tank one from bottom the cold one and one from the top the hot one.

Solar collector is made of steel pipes usually, but you can use copper or plastic pipes also. There are two methods to make this part one is a parallel pipe system which is made of some parallel pipes carrying the water normally from below to top. And the second one is made of single pipe in a zigzag shape or in a spiral shape it has one input and one output, where parallel pipes have common input & output.

Put a plate behind the pipes to absorb heat, fix pipes on the plate and colour them black including the back plate. Spiral shaped solar collector is better than parallel one if it has more length in total. Because water passes in the hot pipe and gets hotter and hotter.

Solar Water Heating

Sun based water warming is the change of sunshine into renewable energy for water warming utilizing a sun based collector. Sunlight based water warming frameworks contain different advancements that are utilized overall progressively.

In a "pump-circled" framework the capacity tank is on floor and is beneath the level of the authorities; a coursing pump flows water or warmth exchange liquid in between the tank and the gatherers.

SWH frameworks are intended to convey boiling hot water for the vast majority of the year. Nonetheless, in winter there once in a while may not be adequate sunlight based warmth addition to convey adequate boiling point water. Water warmed by the sun is utilized as a part of different ways.

Heat is put away in a hot water stockpiling tank. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) for the absorber might be the high temp water from the tank, however all the more generally (in any event in dynamic frameworks) is a different circle of liquid containing radiator fluid and a consumption inhibitor which conveys warmth to the tank through a warmth exchanger (normally a curl of copper warmth exchanger tubing inside the tank). Copper is utilized both as a part of beneficiaries and essential circuits (pipes and warmth exchangers for water tanks).

Home sun oriented warm establishments fall into two gatherings: passive and active frameworks. The blend of sunlight based water warming and utilizing the move down warmth from a wood stove smokestack to warmth water can empower a high temp water framework to work lasting through the year in cooler atmospheres, without the supplemental warmth necessity of a sun powered water warming framework being met with fossil energizes or power.

At the point when a sun powered water warming and high temp water focal warming framework are utilized as a part of conjunction, sun based warmth will either be gathered in a pre-warming tank that encourages into the tank warmed by the focal warming, or the sun based warmth exchanger will supplant the lower warming component and the upper component will stay set up to accommodate any warming that sun powered can't give. In numerous atmospheres, a sun powered boiling hot water framework can give up to 85% of residential heated water vitality. This can incorporate household non-electric concentrating sun oriented warm frameworks. In numerous northern European nations, consolidated boiling point water and space warming frameworks (sun based combisystems) are utilized to give 15 to 25% of home warming vitality. big scale sunlight based warming can give 50-97% of yearly warmth utilization for region warming.

Read more

13. Made Cheapest Solar Oven

Yes you can make a solar oven of your own. In hot climates sun gets hotter and you can use this energy to cook. Before constructing you must understand the concept, we use a box as an oven the walls of that box should be reflective like mirrors, usually we use aluminium foil for this purpose. Walls should be double or having an insulated material like thermocol. Box should be covered with a plastic sheet or a glass to trap the heat inside the box. Use some outer reflectors to reflect the sunlight straight on the top of that glass or plastic sheet to penetrate in the oven and be trapped.

Now we are ready to make our solar oven, get a thermocol box, normally used to carry cold medicine and food.

Or you can use thermocol sheets to make a box, 1 inch thick sheet is appropriate.

Now paste aluminium foil inside the box if you get one, or on the Thermocol sheets and then make a box of them keeping aluminium foil inside.

Now place a plastic sheet or a glass sheet on the top of that box do not paste it because you have to put the cooking bowl inside the oven, use aluminium bowl if possible it will absorb more heat.

Now you had to make a cover for the oven as a reflector use cardboard or Thermocol sheet to make one.

Your Solar Oven is ready to cook place it in the sunlight, put a cooking bowl inside with food to cook, give it time to be cooked.

You can use some extra reflectors to boost the processes.

Read more

12. Solar Power or Solar Electricity

Solar power force is the transformation of daylight into power, either specifically utilizing photovoltaic’s (PV), or by implication utilizing concentrated sunlight power (CSP). Concentrated sun oriented force frameworks use lenses or mirrors and tracking frameworks to focus a huge zone of daylight into a little ray. Photovoltaics transform daylight into an electric current utilizing the photovoltaic impact.

Photovoltaics were at first exclusively utilized as a wellspring of power for little and medium-sized applications, from the calculator controlled by a solitary sun oriented cell to remote homes fuelled by an off-grid housetop PV framework. As the expense of sun based power has reduced, the quantity of grid associated sun based PV frameworks has developed into the millions and utility-scale sun powered stations with several megawatts are being manufactured. Sun powered PV is quickly turning into a modest, low-carbon innovation to tackle renewable vitality from the Sun.

Photovoltaics

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a gadget that proselytes light into electric current utilizing the photovoltaic impact. The 1^st sun powered cell was built by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931, the German specialist Bruno Lange built up a photo cell utilizing silver selenide as a part of spot of copper oxide, despite the fact that the model selenium cells transformed under 1% of occurrence light into power. The silicon sunlight based cell was made in 1954. These early sun oriented cells cost 285 USD/watt and achieved efficiencies of up to 6%.

Solar Cell

A sun based cell is an electronic gadget which straightforwardly changes over daylight into electricity. Light sparkling on the sun based cell produces both a current and a voltage to create electric force. This procedure requires firstly, a material in which the ingestion of light raises an electron to a higher vitality state, and also, the development of this higher vitality electron from the sun powered cell into an outer circuit. The electron then disseminates its vitality in the outside circuit and comes back to the sunlight based cell. An assortment of materials and procedures can possibly fulfil the necessities for photovoltaic vitality transformation; however by and by about all photovoltaic vitality change utilizes semiconductor materials as a part of the type of a p-n junction.

Solar cell efficiency has been increased to 33% and the cost per watt is reduced to $1. Hence more has to come, innovation never ends.

Read more

11. A Solar Powered Shepherd in India

A solar powered shepherd, it sounds crazy but it is a fact in our time mobile phones are every where, but electricity is not. So people in remote areas are using solar panels to charge their mobiles.

Solar Power for undeveloped countries

Poor and undeveloped countries strive to have this technology for their growing needs.

Many NGOs and individuals are installing solar street lights in the villages where electricity is not available.

Now children in villages can study in the evening or at night. Or many tasks can be performed in lighting, those were not possible before.

Even Tube wells are also work on Solar Power, water is an essential requirement for humans, animals and crops. Running Tube Wells on Solar Power is best idea.

Read more

10. Flat Tyre with no spare one

This is a situation which comes at least once in a lifetime, the tyre of your car is flat and you don’t have spare one. Or even in a situation when spare tyre also becomes flat. Now here is a solution which can be used to move your car to a workshop you can use a hand trolley as shown below:

Or you can use a skateboard like this:

You can also use a trolley wheel as used below:

Or you can be a Pro like him:

Read more

9. How to check Tyre Puncture

If your car’s or bike’s tyre is loosing pressure you can check the leakage by putting soapy water on it, but before doing this full the tyre pressure with air. The soapy water will make bubbles when it comes to a leak.

You can also check tubes by dipping them into the water, on the leaked spot you will see some bubbles.

Read more

8. No Stove no Gas only Electricity & an Iron

If you don’t have a stove or there is no gas, still you can cook if you have an electric Iron and electricity. Place the Iron up side down and put some support, plug in and your stove is ready use bowl or kettle.

Even you can bake chapattis on the Iron.

Read more

7. No electricity use Gas Iron

If you are in a place where no electricity is available or you want to cut your electricity bills. Use Gas Iron it costs from $10 to $20

If Natural Gas is not available then you can also use a LPG cylinder.

Natural Gas (Methane)

Natural gas is principally Methane. When it is separated from the earth may likewise contain Ethane, Propane, Butane, and Pentane.

The majority of these are normally stripped out for other particular applications before it is gone along through the pipelines. Contamination influences are additionally expelled, including water and sulfur. The substance recipe for Methane is CH₄.

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

The term LPG really envelops more than one sort of gas. There are various hydrocarbon type gasses that fall into the classification of LPG.

Their regular quality is that they can be packed into fluid at moderately low weights. The two most regular are Propane and Butane.

CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)

Methane gas can be put away at high weight, ordinarily more than 200 bars, however it is not extremely practical for long space transport.

CNG has some particular applications where the item is utilized close to where it is packed. City transports are a decent case of a fruitful CNG application.

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)

Methane gas is developed into LNG by cooling it to −161°C, and soon thereafter it turns into a fluid. This decreases the volume of the normal gas by a variable of more than 600 times as it goes from its vaporous state to fluid. This lessened volume encourages practical transport via ocean or street.

Basic LNG utilizes incorporate modern applications and long haul trucking. The innovation required with LNG is by and large not financially savvy for little volume clients, for example, homes and little organizations.

Natural gas (methane) versus LPG (propane)

• LPG (propane) and normal gas (methane) have diverse compound equations: Methane is CH₄. Propane is C₃H₈.

• LPG has a higher vitality content than natural gas, with 93.2 MJ/m³ versus 38.7 MJ/m³.

• For legitimate burning, LPG requires an air to gas proportion of around 25:1 whilst natural gas requires a 10:1 proportion.

• LPG (propane) is thicker than air, at a relative thickness of 1.5219:1 versus normal gas (methane) at 0.5537:1, which is lighter than air.

• LPG can be packed into a fluid and put away or transported in a chamber or bigger vessel.

• Natural gas and LPG apparatuses work at various pressures.

Read more

6. Want to use shower without having an overhead water tank

Here is a good solution for a shower without having an overhead water tank. Use one container made of plastic or aluminum etc. a shower set with valve and a brass flange connector. Put the container on a shelf or rack and fill it with cold or hot water as desired.

Remember use it in bathroom instead of your bedroom.

Read more

5. Make Cheap Geyser in kitchen

In a cold weather you definitely need a water geyser for kitchen and bathroom. Well minimum price for a Gas Geyser is $50 and for Electric Geyser is $100.

So here is a cheap solution for hot water in your kitchen:

Even you can make a permanent tap solution using one copper pipe spring and two flexible hot water pipes and a tap as following drawing:

You can use an extra stove for permanent geyser solution if you have an extra stove. Put a metal piece on top of copper ring to stop the heat from escaping, it is better to use an eight shaped ring if possible.

Read more

4. Make a Flange Bracket for bearing

Usually large flange brackets are expansive a 3 inch (UCF215-48) Bracket is worth $80. If you have right equipment you can make it cheaper as $8.

First you measure you bearing suppose it has 3” dia inside and 5” dia from outside.

Purchase a ½ inch thick Steel Plate square shaped and 8” x 8” size and a hole of 4 inch dia in center. Normally a gas cutting is required. It costs about $4.

Now you have to buy a piece of steel pipe with a minimum thickness of ½ inch with an outer dia of 6 inch and an inner dia of 4-¾ or 4-⅞ inch. Remember the inner dia must be less than the outer dia of bearing which is 5 inch here. It costs about $4.

Now using lathe machine you should make the inner dia same as the outer dia of Bearing.

Now make two wholes on sides if you want to tight the bearing with Bolts.

Now weld the pipe bush on plate, before that you had to make 4 holes on each cornor of plate for bolting purpose.

Now your Flange Bracket is ready and you can put it where required.

Read more

3. How to calculate the size of Pulleys for a machine using 2 sets

As we calculated size of a Pulley required for a machine for 84 RPM and a motor of 2800 RPM. Now if we don’t want larger pulleys in case we don’t have a space for a 14 inch pulley to be used on machine. We can reduce the size of pulley by introducing another set of coupled pulley. As below:

We can calculate the RPM at 1^st pulley;

RPM at 1^st Pulley = Motor Pulley  x  Motor RPM

1^st Pulley

RPM at 1^st Pulley = 2 x 2800  =  700 RPM

8

Now we will find the RPM at 2^nd pulley;

RPM at Machine  =     2^nd Pulley  x  RPM at 2^nd Pulley

Machine Pulley

RPM at Machine  = 3 x RPM at 2^nd Pulley  =  84

8

=>   RPM at 2^nd Pulley  =  84 x 8 / 3  =  224 RPM

Now we can find out the 1^st pulley ‘r’ as we know:

RPM at 2^nd Pulley  =     1^st Pulley  x  RPM at 1^st Pulley

2^nd Pulley

RPM at 2^nd Pulley  =  r  x  700  =  224 RPM

8

=>                    r  =  224  x  8/700  =  2.56 inch

Now we have calculated all the required components.

 

Read more

2. How to calculate the size of Pulleys for a machine

As in my 1^st post we calculated the RPM of a machine. Now if I am going to change the motor with a high speed 2800 RPM motor. How to find out the size of pulleys? If we use 2 inch pulley on motor and 14 inch pulley on machine and 1 coupled pulley in center. As below:

 

We can calculate the RPM at middle pulley;

RPM at Center Pulley = Motor Pulley  x  Motor RPM

Center Pully

RPM at Center Pulley = 2 x 2800  =  466.67 RPM

12

Now we had to find out the middle pulley ‘x’ as we know:

RPM at Machine  =     Center Pulley  x  RPM at Center Pulley

Machine Pulley

RPM at Machine  =  x  x  466.67  =  84 RPM

14

=>                    x  =  84  x  14/466.67  =  2.52 inch

Now we have calculated all the required components.

Read more

1. How to calculate the RPM of a machine

If a machine is attached to a motor ad you know the RPM of motor then you can calculate the RPM of machine, in case you want to change the setup or installing a new machine and want an output of required RPM.

 

If you are using a motor with a speed of 1400 RPM  then what will be the RPM at machine.

As above mentioned we have a 2 inch pulley on motor which is rotating with 1400 RPM and connected to a pulley of 10 inch, what will be the RPM here.

Well the pulley is 10 inch, which is 5 times bigger than the motors pulley so the RPM here will be 1/5^th of the motor speed, as a calculation we do:

RPM at Center Pulley = Motor Pulley  x  Motor RPM

Center Pully

RPM at Center Pulley = 2 x 1400  =  280 RPM

10

The same way the center 10 inch pulley is coupled with a 3 inch pulley now we know the RPM are 280 at that pulley. Now calculating the RPM at machine.

RPM at Machine  =     Center Pulley  x  RPM at Center Pulley

Machine Pulley

RPM at Machine  =  3  x  280  =  84 RPM

10

Now we know the RPM at machine which are 84.

Read more